Finder (software)
Screenshot of a Mac OS X v10.7 Finder window, currently in Cover Flow view |
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| Developer(s) | Apple Inc. |
| Stable release | 10.7.1 / October 12, 2011 |
| Written in | C++ / Objective-C |
| Operating system | System Software, Mac OS, Mac OS X |
| Platform | Macintosh |
| Type | File browsing/organization |
| License | EULA |
| Website | Mac OS X – Finder |
The Finder is the default file manager used on Mac OS and Mac OS X operating systems; it is responsible for the overall user-management of files, disks, network volumes and the launching of other applications. As such, the Finder acts like the shell on other operating systems, but using a graphical user interface, and is described in its 'About' window as The Macintosh Desktop Experience. It was introduced with the very first Macintosh computer, and also existed as part of GS/OS on the Apple IIGS. It underwent a complete rewrite with Apple's switch to a UNIX-based OS in Mac OS X.
The Finder is the first application a user interacts with after logging into a Mac, and as such it is responsible for the general look and feel of the machine. It is distinct from the system's underlying GUI and desktop environment, which are provided by HIToolbox and Quartz Compositor on OS X and by QuickDraw and the Macintosh Toolbox on prior OS versions. One could compare it to Windows Explorer in Microsoft Windows, the Tracker in BeOS, Nautilus in GNOME, and Dolphin or the file management aspect of Konqueror in KDE.
The Finder maintains a view of the file system that is rendered using a desktop metaphor – that is, the files and folders are represented as appropriate icons, volumes are displayed on the desktop, and there is a trash can (on the Dock in OS X, on the desktop in previous versions) to which files can be dragged to mark them for deletion. Part of the system core services in OS X, the Finder.app application bundle is located at /System/Library/CoreServices/.
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Finder 1.0 to 4.1
The original Finder, used with the MFS (Macintosh File System) always included a blank folder at the root level of every disk. A new blank folder would be created whenever that folder was renamed and used. Folders could not be placed inside of folders in Finder up to version 4.1. The folders were maintained only by Finder, and were not stored by the file system. As such, no two files could have the same name on a drive; folders were absent in application "open" dialogs (instead there would be simply a list of all files); and all folder information would be lost after rebuilding the desktop, dumping all files into the root level of the drive.
Finder also provided a "trash folder": the only way to delete a file was to first drag it to the trash folder, then empty the folder. However, the trash folder was also an illusion, and was not reflected on disk. The list of files in the trash was held only in memory. Finder therefore emptied the trash before it terminated, including before running any other application. If a crash intervened in the process, items that had been in the trash went back in their original home.
The original Finder was also the cause of much early user frustration due to slow speed of file copying, which would lead to dozens of disk-swaps on the single-drive original Macintosh, which was caused by a bug in the original Finder where if you drag the floppy disk icon somewhere else on the desktop, then pick it up and drag it to another floppy to copy it, it would result in more disk swaps than needed because the Finder forgot to free memory before copying. [1] Though much of this problem could be attributed to the small amount of memory available on the Macintosh 128K, Apple attempted to address the issue with Finder 1.1g in May 1984.
Finder 1.xx supported System 1.0 (.97) through 1.x only.a[›]
Finder 4.x
It was Finder 4.1 in April 1985 that really improved the speed of the Finder and added new features, including the "New Folder" command and a "Shut Down" command in the "Special" menu, which also provided access to the "MiniFinder". MiniFinder was a simplified interface that held often-used applications and documents and launched them much more quickly. As this was a single-tasking OS, "switching between applications" meant copying data from the first application to the clipboard, then exiting the application, starting another, and pasting. MiniFinder was intended to streamline this process. Finder 4.x would support System 1.x through 2.0 only.
Finder 5.x
Apple replaced the MFS with the HFS (Hierarchical File System) in September 1985, as part of Finder 5.0 which was introduced along with the Mac's first hard drive, the Hard Disk 20. Nested folders were no longer an illusion, but rather a reflection of the data organization on the disk. Finder 5.0 also added several cosmetic changes to the look of the system's icons. More importantly, Finder 5.1 officially introduced the 800K double sided disk, doubling the previously supported disk capacity. Finder 5.4 added support for file system permissions in January 1987, as part of the AppleShare release.
Finder 5.x would support System 2.1 through 4.1.
Finder Software 6.x
Early versions of the Finder would shut down whenever another program was launched, due to the single-tasking nature of the original Mac OS. The first official Macintosh unified System Software 5.x version came with Finder 6.0 and the new MultiFinder, which allowed cooperative multitasking. MultiFinder was activated with a "set startup" dialog box whose setting took effect with the next restart. System Software 6.0.x came with Finder 6.1.x and introduced a much-improved version of MultiFinder, among other enhancements. From System 6 forward, the Finder would always match the macro System version number, thus alleviating much of the confusion caused by often significantly different System and Finder versions.
The original Mac OS Finder featured a "universal Desktop," which showed the union of the contents of the invisible "Desktop Folder" on the root level of every mounted disk in System 7. This meant that files dragged from a disk to the Desktop did not always copy to the Mac's hard drive, and would disappear when the disk in question was later ejected.
A "Put Away" command premiered in System 6 which allowed users to drag icons from anywhere on their computer to the Desktop, use the file from the Desktop, and then scoot the file back to its original location with a single command.
Finder 6 also provided support for the industry standard 1.44MB floppy disk, almost doubling the previous 800K disk capacity. More importantly this new SuperDrive continued to provide support for the earlier single-sided MFS and 800K disks as well as supporting ProDOS and popular MS-DOS formats.
Finder 7.0 to 9.2
In 1991 Apple released System 7, a significant rewrite of their operating system. Like every other component of the OS, the Finder received a major overhaul and it was completely rewritten using the C++ programming language. MultiFinder was now always active. Finder windows were colorized, and the list view was expanded to include "disclosure triangles" which allowed the user to drill down further into the file system without opening more windows. The Finder's trash icon took on a more refined appearance, and the Color feature in System 6 (on color Macintoshes only), which allowed the user to assign a color shade to files, was extended to let users assign a label. These labels had a user-definable name and color. The Finder's new search function could also locate files based on their labels. The trash folder was at last a real folder, meaning it wasn't emptied after each restart.
Finder 7.0 unveiled an "alias" functionality which allowed files to be represented in multiple locations by simple pointer files. Starting in System 7, the Put Away command could also be used as an alternate means to unmount floppy disks and CD-ROMs. It differed from the Eject command in that it didn't leave a 'ghost icon' on the desktop. This icon was intended to facilitate copying floppy disks on single-drive machines but the capability was seldom used with the advent of hard drives and was later removed. Though the Macintosh System itself would undergo major changes in the intervening years, the Finder remained relatively unchanged until the release of Mac OS 8 in 1997.
Finder 8.x
Finder 8.0 was the first version to be multithreaded. For the first time copying a file or emptying the trash did not block other uses of the Finder. Like the rest of the system, Finder 8.0 took on a metallic platinum appearance. It also featured several new features, including Pop Up windows, which appeared as tabs on the bottom of the Mac's screen until clicked on, at which point they displayed their contents. "Spring-loaded folders" were also introduced in Finder 8.0, which allowed a user to drag and drop files deep into the system's folder hierarchy with a simple drill-down mechanism. A file could be dragged onto a folder icon and, if the user paused with the mouse button held down instead of "dropping" right away, the folder's window would open, allowing the process to be repeated. When the file was finally dropped, the intermediate folders would close once again.
Finder 8.1, released in early 1998, introduced support for the more efficient HFS+ file system.
Finder 9.x
Finder 9, released in October 1999, introduced support for Multiple Users, Software Update, and the Classic Support Mode. Other features of Finder 9 were large (>2GB) file support, Encryption, Keychains, USB Printer Sharing, and CD Burning in 9.1. Finder 9 was the last major update to the classic Mac OS Finder. Apple stopped work on Mac OS 9, including the Finder, in December 2001 with Mac OS 9.2.2.
Finder 10.0 to 10.2.8
The Mac OS X Finder was not an update of the previous Finder, but was a complete re-write that borrowed concepts from the NeXTSTEP file manager. As such, it was a major departure from the original Finder and was poorly received by many longtime Macintosh users. The original Mac OS X Finder was a Carbon application built on top of Metrowerks' PowerPlant framework.[1] It was later rewritten to use the modern HIToolbox framework built into Mac OS X.
Mac OS X 10.0 ("Cheetah") lacked many features found in its Classic predecessor. The universal Desktop was gone, replaced by a Desktop that presented only the contents of the user's own Desktop folder. Support for Labels, and almost any form of metadata, was gone, as were pop up windows, desktop printers, the "Put Away" command and spring-loaded folders. In Finder 10.0 the Trash was also removed from the Desktop and was no longer part of the Finder, having instead been integrated into the system's Dock.
Finder 10.0 also eschewed the classic Finder's "spatial" orientation, in which each location on the hard drive opened in its own window, and only one window, in favor of a NeXTSTEP-style browser system.
Finder 10.0 introduced a highly-customizable toolbar which could be displayed at the top of every Finder window, and the NeXT-derived Column View, which displayed the hierarchy of the file system in a series of left-to-right panes. Users were also able to specify which, if any, of the mounted disks on their system appeared on the Desktop.
Mac OS X 10.1 ("Puma") brought CD burning capability to Finder 10.1. This feature had been added to the classic Mac OS with version 9.1.
Finder 10.2.x
Finder 10.2 ("Jaguar") reintroduced spring-loaded folders, but they did not feature all of the functions of their Finder 8.0 predecessors. This version also added the ability to browse and download from, but not upload to, FTP servers from the Finder, by virtue of the underlying operating system adding an FTP file system, so that a remote FTP server's directory hierarchy could look like a local directory hierarchy.
Just as with Finder 1.0, the Mac OS X Finder continues to show a view of the user's filesystem that is partly illusion. For example, when running a Unix shell, the file names are displayed as POSIX-style paths, even if the underlying file system is actually HFS. Unix files cannot contain the "/" character in a file name; because Macintosh users had historically been able to use "/" (but not ":") in a file name on an HFS file system, the Finder swaps over these two characters — a user types a name Input/Output which is converted to a POSIX name of Input:Output. The only characters not permitted in a filename at the Finder level are colons. In addition, the Finder will not let the user enter certain control characters (like the line break) even if the file system supports them. The Finder and shells both provide full Unicode filename support.
The Mac OS X Finder is implemented in C++, which is in contrast to most of Apple's OS X applications which are implemented in Objective-C.[2]
Finder 10.3
Mac OS X v10.3 ("Panther") introduced a somewhat upgraded version of the Finder which restored several classic features while also introducing an updated, but not radically different, GUI.
Finder 10.3 took on a Brushed Metal appearance similar to that of Apple's iTunes jukebox application (before version 5, which took on a Polished Metal look), or Address Book before Mac OS X Tiger. As with previous Finders introduced since Mac OS X 10.0, users could customize a toolbar at the top of the Finder window. This included a search pane, allowing for live searching of any selected folder or volume. A new panel to the left of the Finder window, called the Sidebar, allowed almost any item to be dropped in for quick access. Importantly, this customisation would appear in open and save dialogs within other applications. The Sidebar also listed and allowed the ejection of mounted removable storage. Colored labels and the ability to search by Type and Creator metadata, features in Mac OS 9 that were lost and much missed by Mac users, were restored in Finder 10.3.
By clicking the small "show/hide toolbar" button on the right of a window's title bar, not only could a window's toolbar be hidden, but the window also removed its sidebar and switched into an Aqua-themed look and "spatial" behavior. The animation for the toolbar disappeared due to the sidebar as well.
Finder 10.4
Mac OS X v10.4 ("Tiger") introduces further changes to the Finder, including a slideshow feature (similar to that of Windows Explorer). This allows pictures to be viewed in series fullscreen directly from the Finder. Spotlight, a concept introduced in 10.4, features prominently throughout the revamped OS: The classic command-F Finder keyboard shortcut now shows a criterion-based search. These criteria searches can be saved as smart folders which display the live-updating results of the search. Two other methods of search exist: the Spotlight menu item and the Spotlight windows. These can be accessed system-wide and some have speculated that data organization and the "desktop metaphor" are going to be phased out by the high-speed search functions in Mac OS X, thus rendering Finder redundant.[3] However, others have commented on the delays experienced when using Spotlight, even on newer Macs.[4]
Finder 10.5
Updated in Leopard, the Finder features a UI similar to iTunes 7, which includes Cover Flow and a groupped navigation sidebar (with Devices, Places and Search for bookmarks). Other features include better integration with Spotlight, a new feature called Quick Look which allows one to see what's inside a file without opening it, and a Path Bar that can be turned on. Like most applications in Leopard, it uses the new unified theme, doing away with the brushed metal look from previous versions of Mac OS X.
Several functions have also been phased out. The ability to set arbitrary search locations via an "Others..." button in the Finder has been removed.
Finder 10.5.6, released on the unibody MacBook and MacBook Pros, added additional support for the extended multi-touch gestures introduced.
Finder 10.6
Updated in Snow Leopard, the Finder was rewritten using the Cocoa API but remained the same with only a few minor new features.
Finder 10.7
The Finder in OS X Lion introduces a number of changes. All My Files, a new sidebar item, allows users to browse files in their user directory in an organized list view. All list views in the Finder now feature the ability to group files by attributes such as kind, application, date modified, date added, or size. Spotlight searches include the new token API, allowing users to dynamically filter search results. AirDrop, another new sidebar item, allows users to share files via Wi-Fi with no configuration needed. Several minor improvements have also been made to file/folder manipulation, notably the ability to create a folder from multiple files.
Finder replacements
Third party OS X software developers offer Finder replacements which run as standalone applications such as Path Finder and Xfile. These replacements are shareware and aim to provide the same functionality as the Finder as well as additional features which the Finder does not include.
Criticism
Ars Technica columnist John Siracusa has been a vocal critic of the versions of the Finder found in Mac OS X. One of his strongest complaints is that some of the options and default behaviours of Finder violate the concept of "spatial interface" that existed in previous versions.[5] Daring Fireball blogger John Gruber has voiced similar criticisms, saying in a 2005 interview that he felt the Finder had become worse since version 10.0 and that "the fundamental problem with the Mac OS X Finder is that it's trying to support two opposing paradigms at once – the browser metaphor... and the spatial metaphor from the original Mac Finder... and it ends up doing neither one very well."[6] Various reviewers note that starting with OS X v10.3 the Finder can be switched by user preference into a completely spatial mode. However, Siracusa is still critical, saying that it "provides exactly the same self-destructive combination of spatial and browser-style features as all of its Mac OS X predecessors".[7] Siracusa, a web developer, has been called on to submit a prototype of what he thinks would be a better Finder, to supplement his article on the topic,[8] but has declined to do so, saying "I'm a programmer, but not a Mac OS X programmer."[9]
Timeline
Note differences between Finder versions and Classic OS to System 7. From System 6 onward the version numbers are unified. OS X therefore shows a combined System & Finder.
See also
- Spatial file manager
- Miller Columns
- List of file managers
- Comparison of file managers
- Windows Explorer
Notes
- ^ a: Finder 1.0 is the earliest official version number given the Finder. However, a significantly different version dated December 3, 1983 with the same version number debuts with an even earlier System .85 on the Macintosh Guided Tour disk. Most apparent are the System icons which are more accurate representations of the Macintosh with an obvious Twiggy floppy disk drive originally intended for the Mac. It is also 4K smaller in size.[10]
References
- ^ Andrew Orlowski (May 22, 2001). "Jobs and Tevanian vow to fight OS X speed drain". The Register. http://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/05/22/jobs_and_tevanian_vow/. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
- ^ Bjarne Stroustrup (October 11, 2007). "C++ Applications". http://www.research.att.com/~bs/applications.html. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
- ^ "Mac OS X 10.4 'Tiger' in depth". The Register. http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/05/27/review_macosx_tiger/. Retrieved 2007-06-23.
- ^ "Tiger Review: Spotlight". http://www.macintouch.com/tigerreview/tiger1a.html. Retrieved 2007-06-23.
- ^ Siracusa, John (2003-04-02). "About the Finder...". http://arstechnica.com/articles/paedia/finder.ars. Retrieved 2006-12-20.
- ^ Marcin Wichary (September 2005). "Interview with John Gruber". GUIdebook. http://www.guidebookgallery.org/articles/interviewwithjohngruber. Retrieved 2007-01-13.
- ^ John Siracusa (2003-11-09). "Same as it ever was". Mac OS X 10.3 Panther review. http://arstechnica.com/reviews/os/macosx-10.3.ars/11. Retrieved 2007-03-09.
- ^ Siracusa, John (2003-04-02). "About the Finder...". http://arstechnica.com/articles/paedia/finder.ars. Retrieved 2006-12-20.
- ^ John Siracusa (December 2006). "The man responsible for .DS_Store files". arstechnica.com. http://episteme.arstechnica.com/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/8300945231/m/941008642831?r=944009942831#944009942831. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
- ^ System .85 / Finder 1.0
External links
- Apple's website
- Apple Macintosh before System 7
- 10.5 "Leopard" Finder Site
- Ars Technica: About the Finder...
- Ars Technica: Review of Mac OS X 10.3 – discussing the lack of fundamental changes to the Finder
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